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经济法视角的产品质量法/张钢

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经济法视角的产品质量法

张钢


【内容提要】 从经济法与其他相关最接近的部门法的关系入手分析产品质量法应当归属于经济法领域而不是其他。而且产品质量法以其自身的立法宗旨和精神也体现了经济法的社会本位观。
关键词:社会本位、产品质量法

对于一个现实中已客观存在的问题争论的持续而激烈,既说明大家对这一问题的关心并有所研究,又说明了对这一问题的认识因并没有一个公认的解释。真理愈辩愈明,对于经济法相关问题的争鸣,当然也预示着经济法的繁荣。经济法作为一个年轻的法律部门,对其所涉及的一些问题大家仍有异议,从调整对象到原则、价值,甚至包括其体系,学者们都能拿出自己的观点并提供相应的论据。争论的存在也并不是说完全没有一致的交汇点,单就其体系来说,产品质量法作为经济法的一块领地,似乎已成为所有经济法学者的共识。这样说的根据是现存几乎所有经济法课本及分论著述中无一例外地都将产品质量法收纳进来。而本文所要回答的问题也就是“为什么产品质量法毫无争议地归属于经济法?”


经济法从产生之日起,就与传统民商法有所纠葛。而近年来商法是否可作为“独立的部门法”的争论,又使得民法和商法愈来愈“分道扬镳”。区别地看民法、商法和经济法的关系对于分析产品质量法作为经济法的一个分支而不是其他有着“纲举目张”之作用。经济法与民法的区别,现在看来实际上并不复杂,仅从两者调整对象和利益本位的不同决定了经济法与民法是两个相对独立的法律部门。民法是调整平等主体之间财产关系与人身关系的法律,以个体利益为本位;而经济法是调整国家干预管理经济的法律,以社会整体利益为本位。在经济法与商法的关系中,商法作为调整市场运行机制之法与经济法发挥着功能互补的作用,商法从保护商人的利益出发,着眼于商事交易秩序;而经济法则从保护社会整体利益出发,维护市场的整体秩序;相对来说商法具有基础性、前置性,经济法主要解决市场已经运行,但在运行过程中产生了问题,如贫富分化、市场失灵等现象危机整个市场秩序存在时,才有政府自上而下,对这些运行机制中的偏差进行纠正。
通过以上经济法与民法、商法区别的重点归纳,如果还不足以说明产品质量法就归属于经济法,但可以明确的地方就是:产品质量法不会是民法和商法的领地。产品质量法是为了调整产品生产与销售,以及对产品质量进行监督管理过程中所形成的社会关系而由国家制定的法律规范的总称。就其主体来讲,除了理论上的平等主体生产者、销售者一方与消费者一方外,还有国家质量管理监督机关。主体地位的不平等或者说监督管理关系的存在,将其排除在民法的领域之外。
商法,上文已经提及,乃市场运行机制之法,就其基本原则来说乃维护市场正常运行、提高商事交易效率和保障商事交易安全。同时商法的独特的调整对象也不可能将产品质量法包容进来。
与其说经济法与民法、商法之间关系因亲近而争论颇多,深究起来,不如说经济法与行政法的关系更值得玩味,难怪有人至今都认为经济法不过是行政法的一个分支而已。按我国的通说,行政法是“规定国家各个方面行政管理的行政法规的总称。” 是关于“调整行政关系和基于行政关系而产生的监督行政的关系的法律规范体系。” 经济法部门的形成与行政法的产生和发展之间并无内在的逻辑联系。行政法在本质上是限制政府滥用权力之法,虽然经济法在一定程度上所包含的政策性,但其内容并不限于经济行政, 它还包括其它相关方面。从以上对行政法的分析来看,产品质量法也不能归属于行政法,尽管其中也有产品质量监督管理机构对生产者、消费者的监督管理成分的存在。
对于经济法是否可以作为一个独立的法律部门的研究,则经济法与民法、商法以及行政法的关系必须区别清楚。因为在整个法律体系中,这几个的部门法的关系最为接近甚至发挥着功能互补之作用,对部门法关系的清晰区别,那么对其下子部门的分析则不易有所偏差。当然实践中的一部法律,在理论上部门法的划分来说,有些具体的规定并非完全专属于某单一法律部门,就产品质量法来说,我们之所以把它归入经济法的领域而没有争议,是基于它主要所体现的精神、原则、价值追求以及主要权利、义务的分配和责任形式。


经济法以社会为本位,以社会整体利益为其价值追求,这种利益不能简单地等同于个人利益和国家利益,它不是个人利益的简单相加,而是个人之间利益的有机统一。 经济法以社会利益和社会责任为最高准则。无论是国家还是企业,都必须对社会负责,在对社会共同尽责的基础上处理和协调彼此之间的关系。而在具体的经济法律关系中,国家必须依法行使权力(利),对社会负责不得妨碍或损害市场主体及非国有主体依法行使权利 。企业和个人等经济主体也要对社会负责,不能只讲权利,不讲义务;不得片面强调自身局部利益,置社会利益于不顾。
要对产品质量法所体现的经济法的社会本位的分析,首先对其作为一个单行法的立法宗旨的理解是前提和基础,产品质量法是“为了加强对产品质量的监督管理,提高产品质量水平,明确产品质量责任,保护消费者的合法权益,维护社会经济秩序”。据以上法条的具体规定,产品质量法的宗旨为:1、保障并提高产品质量。保障和提高产品质量是产品质量法的直接目的。企业在市场竞争中,优势地位的取得的一般来说可通过提高产品质量降低产品成本等途径,而产品质量的提高的所需条件如科学技术、管理等这些也需要企业本身的努力。但是在市场竞争中有些企业为了牟取利益,难免不惜以牺牲质量的做法,偷工减料,以次充好,这样的做法丧失了市场竞争应有的性质,对社会整体经济利益也是破坏。产品质量法通过法律制度对此进行监督和管理显得极为必要的。尤其是在我国市场经济体制尚未建成,商业道德和市场规则尚未成为绝大多数市场主体遵循的行为准则、竞争法制尚未健全的条件下,对产品质量的管理显得尤为必要,同时也是对整体社会经济利益的维护。2、对消费者合法权益的维护。对消费者权益的维护在消费者权益保护法中也有所涉及,两者对保护对象的所处的角度又有所不同。对消费者权益的保护才能促进整个市场的顺利运行,生产、分配、交换、消费,任何一个环节的缺失或者损害都会影响到整个市场的有序运行。3、对市场秩序的规范。社会整体经济利益的价值追求离不开良好的社会竞争秩序,良好的社会竞争秩序是现代市场经济法制的中心内容,因此,围绕着市场竞争秩序制度的优化,现代市场经济法制的每一项立法都有使命实现这一神圣目标,并把它细化在法律规范的设计中。我国产品质量法第4条明确规定:“禁止伪造或者冒用认证标志、名优标志等质量标志;禁止伪造产品的产地,伪造或者冒用他人厂名、厂址;禁止在生产销售的产品中掺杂、掺假,以假充真,以次充好。”同时第38条和40条并明确规定了对上述行为的处罚措施,此外,第42条和第44条还分别规定了对以行贿、受贿或者其他非法手段推销、采购不符合该法规定的有关产品的,以及在产品质量检验中伪造检验数据或者检验结论的处罚措施。产品质量法中的这些规定都是同反不正当竞争法律规范有密切联系的。可以说是从产品质量管理方面来维护公平的市场秩序。

市场经济就是一种竞争经济体制,但是市场竞争本身又存在着“背反”理论。这种“背反”体现在,一方面,市场离不开竞争,市场的维护和发展必须靠竞争来延续强化其生命力,没有竞争就没有市场;另一方面,市场的竞争又会在其内部必然地产生不正当竞争、限制竞争以及垄断,这些现象的的产生又从基础上否定了竞争,当然也否定了市场。究其原因无非是“人”(自然人、拟制人等)本质上的“自利性”。以对自己是否更有利来决定是否遵守“游戏规则”,单个的个人或企业不会其考虑整体市场的有序竞争或运行,那么这个任务就无选则地落到了国家的身上,也就是通过制定相应的法律来对整体竞争秩序的进行维护,对不正当竞争、限制竞争等破坏竞争秩序的现象进行规制。
市场竞争中,产品生产者、销售者受到自身营利性的驱使,有可能会产生短视行为,为了自身利益不惜以损害他人及整个市场秩序作代价,表现为对其生产的产品质量“不负责任”、以假充真、以次充好甚至是有毒有害产品,严重危及消费者的人身及财产安全。所以法律的规制成为必要,而着眼于此的相关部门法也就是经济法。从市场竞争的角度来分析产品质量法也可以看出其作为经济法领地的客观必然。



对侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业外汇管理施行细则(附英文)

国家外管局


对侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业外汇管理施行细则(附英文)

一九八三年七月十九日国务院批准

一、为贯彻执行《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》第五章的规定,特制定本细则。
二、《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》第五章所称侨资企业,是指在中国境内注册登记,独立经营或者同国内企业合作生产、合作经营的华侨或港澳同胞资本的公司、企业和其他经济组织;外资企业,是指在中国境内注册登记,独立经营或者同中国企业合作生产、合作经营的外国资本的公司、企业和其他经济组织;中外合资经营企业,是指华侨或港澳同胞资本的或外国资本的公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人,在中国境内同中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织共同举办、合资经营的企业。
三、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的一切外汇收付,必须遵照《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》和本细则的规定办理。
四、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业,应在中国境内的中国银行或者经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准的其他银行开立人民币存款帐户和外汇存款帐户,由开户银行监督收付。在申请开户时,应交验中华人民共和国工商行政管理局发给的营业执照。
五、在中国从事合作开采海洋石油资源的外资企业,其独自承担的勘探资金和合作开发、合作生产的资金,准许存放在经中方同意的外国或者港澳地区的银行。
六、除本细则第五条规定者外,侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业,如需在外国或者港澳地区开立外汇存款帐户,必须向国家外汇管理局或其分局申请批准。经批准在外国或港澳地区开立外汇存款帐户者,须于每季度终了后三十天内向国家外汇管理局或其分局报告外汇存款帐户的收付情况。
七、按本细则第四条规定在中国境内的银行开立外汇存款帐户者,一切外汇收入都必须存入其外汇存款帐户,其正常业务的外汇支出,可以从其外汇存款帐户中支付。
八、在中国从事合作开采海洋石油资源的外资企业,为执行合同规定的石油作业,可以在中国境外直接向其外籍职工、外国承包者和供应商支付工资、薪金、采购物品货款和各项劳务、服务费用。外籍职工、外国承包者在中国境内取得的收入,应当按照中华人民共和国税法规定缴纳税款。
九、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业必须按期向国家外汇管理局或其分局报送下列报表,并附详细文字说明。
1.每年三月三十一日前报送上年十二月三十一日的资产负债表、上年度损益计算书和外汇收支报告表;随附在中华人民共和国登记注册的会计师的查帐报告。
2.每年十二月一日以前报送下年度外汇收支预算表(遇有修改,应随时补报)。
国家外汇管理局或其分局有权要求侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业提供有关外汇业务的情况并检查其外汇收支情况。
十、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业必须按照国家外汇管理局公布的外汇牌价办理外汇兑换;企业的产品出口可按中国进出口贸易结汇的有关规定办理。
十一、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业出口所得的外汇,除经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准者外,应调回存入开户银行帐户,并办理出口外汇核销手续。
十二、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业与中国境内的机关、企业(包括侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业)或者个人之间的结算,除下列情况外,都应当使用人民币。
1.生产的产品如系中国需要进口的商品,售给中国经营外贸业务的单位或者其他企业,经中国外贸主管机关批准,供需双方商定,可参照国际市场价格,以外币计价、结算。
2.因生产需要购买中国经营外贸业务单位经营的出口商品和进口商品,经中国外贸主管机关批准,供需双方商定,可参照国际市场价格,以外币计价、结算。
3.同中国建筑单位签订建筑合同,经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准,可以外币计价、结算。
4.根据国务院规定,或者经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准,可以外币计价、结算的其他项目。
凡经批准以外币计价、结算者,均可通过其外汇存款帐户办理收付。
十三、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的华侨投资者或者外国投资者依法纳税后的纯利润和其它正当收益,可以向开户银行申请,汇出境外,从其外汇存款帐户中支付。申请时,应提交企业董事会或相当于董事会的权力机构的分配利润的决议书、纳税凭证以及载有收益分配条款的合同。
侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的华侨投资者或者外国投资者,如要将外汇资本转移到中国境外,须向国家外汇管理局或其分局申请,从企业的外汇存款帐户中支付汇出。
十四、在中国从事合作开采海洋石油、煤炭等资源和从事其他合作、合资经营的侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业,按照中外双方合同规定用产品回收资本和分配利润的,华侨投资者或者外国投资者提取和拥有的其份额内的产品可以运出,但必须汇回应在中华人民共和国缴纳的税款和其他应付的款项。如在中国境内出售,应当按照本细则第十二条的规定办理;其销售所得的外汇,在缴纳税款和其他应付的款项后可以汇出。
十五、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业中的外籍职工或港澳职工的工资和其他正当收益,依法纳税后可以汇出,汇出金额超过百分之五十的比例时,可以向国家外汇管理局或其分局申请,汇出外汇均从其企业的外汇存款帐户中支付。
十六、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业,经批准在外国或港澳地区设立的分支机构或办事机构,其所需外汇经费,经国家外汇管理局或其分局批准,可以按期从其外汇存款帐户中支付汇出。
十七、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业可以直接向外国或港澳地区的银行或企业借入外汇资金,但是应报国家外汇管理局或其分局备案。
十八、依法停业的侨资企业、外资企业和中外合资经营企业,应当在中国财政、税务和外汇管理机关的共同监督下,按期清理。华侨投资者或外国投资者,应对其在中国境内的未了税务债务事项负责。清理结束后,华侨投资者或外国投资者所有的或所分得的资金,如要求汇出境外,可以向国家外汇管理局或其分局申请,从原企业的外汇存款帐户中支付汇出。
十九、在中国境内设立的侨资银行、外资银行、中外合资银行和其他金融机构,其外汇收支的管理办法由国家外汇管理局另行规定。
二十、本细则经国务院批准,由国家外汇管理局发布施行。(附英文)

RULES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROL REGULA-TIONS RELATING TO ENTERPRISES WITH OVERSEAS CHINESE CAPITAL, FOREIGN-CAPITAL ENTERPRISES AND CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VENTURES

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
RULES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROL REGULA-
TIONS RELATING TO ENTERPRISES WITH OVERSEAS CHINESE CAPITAL, FOREIGN-
CAPITAL ENTERPRISES AND CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VENTURES
(Approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China
on July 19, 1983 and promulgated by the State Administration of Foreign
Exchange Control on August 1, 1983)
Article 1
These Rules are formulated for implementing the provisions of Chapter V of
the Interim Regulations on Foreign Exchange Control of the People's
Republic of China.
Article 2
In Chapter V of the Interim Regulations on Foreign Exchange Control of the
People's Republic of China, the term "enterprises with overseas Chinese
capital" refers to corporations, enterprises or other economic entities
registered in China with overseas Chinese capital or capital of
compatriots in the Hongkong and Macao regions, and managed independently
or jointly with Chinese enterprises; the term "foreign-capital
enterprises" refers to corporations, enterprises or other economic
entities registered in China with foreign capital, and managed
independently or jointly with Chinese enterprises; the term "Chinese-
foreign equity joint ventures" refers to enterprises jointly established,
owned and run in China by corporations, enterprises, other economic
entities or individuals with overseas Chinese capital, capital of
compatriots in the Hongkong and Macao regions or foreign capital and
Chinese corporations, enterprises or other economic entities.
Article 3
For all foreign exchange receipts and payments, enterprises with overseas
Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures must act in accordance with the provisions in the Interim
Regulations on Foreign Exchange Control of the People's Republic of China
as well as these Rules.
Article 4
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures shall open Renminbi deposit accounts
and foreign exchange deposit accounts in China with the Bank of China or
its branch banks or any other banks approved by the State Administration
of Foreign Exchange Control (SAFEC) or its branch offices, payments and
receipts in these accounts being subject to the supervision of the bank
with which the enterprises have established accounts. When applying for
the opening of the accounts, the enterprises shall submit for verification
their business licenses issued by the State Administration for Industry
and Commerce of the People's Republic of China.
Article 5
The exploration fund and the fund for cooperative development and
cooperative production provided unilaterally by a foreign-capital
enterprise engaged in cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum
resources in China are permitted to be deposited with the agreement of the
Chinese side in a bank, of a foreign country or of the Hongkong or Macao
region.
Article 6
Should they find it necessary to open foreign exchange deposit accounts
with banks abroad or in the Hongkong and Macao regions other than the
accounts opened in accordance with Article 5 of these Rules, enterprises
with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-
foreign equity joint ventures shall apply to SAFEC or its branch offices
for approval. The enterprises concerned shall submit to SAFEC or its
branch offices quarterly statements of payments into and withdrawal from
such accounts within 30 days as of the end of each and every quarter.
Article 7
All foreign exchange receipts of enterprises maintaining foreign exchange
accounts with banks in China in accordance with Article 4 of these Rules,
must be deposited in the said accounts and all their foreign exchange
disbursements incurred in normal business operations can be effected
through these accounts.
Article 8
For the implementation of the petroleum operations specified in their
contracts, the foreign-capital enterprises engaged in cooperative
exploitation of offshore petroleum resources may pay directly outside
China wages, salaries, cost of procurements, various labour costs and
service charges to foreign workers and staff members, foreign
subcontractors and suppliers. The foreign workers and staff members and
foreign subcontractors shall pay taxes on their income derived from China
in accordance with the provisions of the tax law of the People's Republic
of China.
Article 9
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures shall submit within the prescribed
time limit to the SAFEC or its branch offices the following statements
with explanatory notes in detail:
(1) Balance sheet as of December 31 of the previous year, profit and loss
statement and statement of receipts and payments of foreign exchange for
the previous year shall be submitted before March 31 of each year, along
with audit reports by accountants registered in the People's Republic of
China.
(2) Budget of foreign exchange receipts and payments for the coming year
shall be submitted before December 1 of each year (subsequent amendments,
if any, shall be reported immediately).
The SAFEC and its branch offices are authorized to request the enterprises
with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-
foreign equity joint ventures to provide information about their business
activities involving foreign exchange, and to check on their foreign
exchange incomes and expenditures.
Article 10
Any currency conversion of enterprises with overseas Chinese capital,
foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures must
be conducted according to the official rates of foreign exchange quoted by
the SAFEC; the export of the products of these enterprises may be dealt
with in accordance with the relevant provisions governing China's foreign
trade exchange conversions.
Article 11
Except where otherwise approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices, the
foreign exchange receipts realized from exports by the enterprises with
overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign
equity joint ventures shall be transferred back and credited to their
foreign exchange deposit accounts with banks in China and the enterprises
shall also go through the procedure of cancelling their commitments for
foreign exchange receipts from these exports.
Article 12
Renminbi shall be used in the settlement of accounts between enterprises
with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises or Chinese-
foreign equity joint ventures on the one hand, and agencies, enterprises
(including enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital
enterprises, Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures), or individuals in
China on the other, except in the following cases:
(1) For products manufactured by these enterprises and sold to Chinese
entities or enterprises engaged in foreign trade which would otherwise
have to import, foreign currencies may be used in pricing and in
settlement of accounts, provided that prior approval by Chinese foreign
trade authorities has been obtained and that agreement on this arrangement
has been reached between seller and buyer; the prices of the products may
be such as to be commensurate with those current in world markets.
(2) If enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital
enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures purchase, for the
sake of production, the commodities to be exported or imported by Chinese
entities engaged in foreign trade, foreign currencies may be used in
pricing the said commodities with reference to those current in world
markets and in settlement of accounts, with prior approval of Chinese
foreign trade authorities and arrangement between seller and buyer.
(3) Foreign currencies may be used in pricing and in the settlement of
accounts related to construction work performed by Chinese construction
entities according to contracts, provided that prior approval from the
SAFEC or its branch offices has been obtained.
(4) Other items which can be priced and settled in foreign currencies are
prescribed by the State Council or approved by the SAFEC or its branch
offices.
For all transactions which can be priced and settled in foreign currencies
as approved, the receipts and payments may be made through foreign
exchange deposit accounts.
Article 13
Overseas Chinese investors of enterprises with overseas Chinese capital or
foreign investors of foreign-capital enterprises or of Chinese-foreign
equity joint ventures may apply to the banks with which they have opened
accounts for remitting abroad their profits as well as other justified
earnings after taxation, by debiting the foreign exchange deposit accounts
of the enterprise concerned. At the time of application, the investors
concerned shall submit for examination the written decision on profit
distribution adopted by the board of directors or by another organ of
power equivalent to the board of directors, documentary evidence showing
that all taxes have been duly paid as well as the contracts containing
stipulations with regard to the distribution of profits or earnings.
Overseas Chinese investors of enterprises with overseas Chinese capital or
foreign investors of foreign-capital enterprises or of Chinese-foreign
equity joint ventures shall apply to the SAFEC or its branch offices for
transferring their foreign exchange capital abroad by debiting the foreign
exchange deposit accounts of the enterprises concerned.
Article 14
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures engaged in cooperative exploitation
of such resources as offshore petroleum and coal, and in other contractual
or equity joint ventures, whose capital is to be recovered and profits to
be realized in kind as stipulated in their contracts, may transport out of
China the products as their shares of recovered capital and realized
profits, but such enterprises shall remit back the amount of tax to be
paid in the People's Republic of China as well as other required payments.
If the products are to be sold within China, the case shall be handled in
accordance with provisions of Article 12 of these Rules, and the foreign
exchange proceeds derived from these sales may be remitted out after
taxation and other required payments.
Article 15
Staff members and workers of foreign nationality and those from the
Hongkong and Macao regions employed by enterprises with overseas Chinese
capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity joint
ventures may remit abroad their wages and other justified earnings, after
taxation according to law, and if the remittance exceeds 50% of their
wages and other earnings, they may apply to the SAFEC or its branch
offices. The amounts remitted shall all be debited to the foreign exchange
deposit accounts of the enterprises concerned.
Article 16
Foreign exchange expenses required in the normal business operations of
the branches or offices abroad or in the Hongkong and Macao regions set up
with the approval of competent authorities by enterprises with overseas
Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures may be remitted to these branches or offices, debiting to
the foreign exchange deposit accounts of the enterprises concerned, with
the approval of the SAFEC or its branch offices.
Article 17
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises,
and Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures may borrow foreign exchange
directly from banks or enterprises of foreign countries or of the Hongkong
and Macao regions, but they must report such borrowing to the SAFEC or its
branch offices for the record.
Article 18
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures winding up operations in accordance
with legal procedures, shall carry out liquidation within the scheduled
period, under the joint supervision of China's finance, taxation and
foreign exchange control authorities. Overseas Chinese investors or
foreign investors shall be responsible for their taxes due and their
outstanding liabilities within China. After completion of the liquidation,
overseas Chinese investors and foreign investors may apply to the SAFEC or
its branch offices for remitting out the funds owned by or distributed to
them. And the remittance shall be debited to the foreign exchange accounts
of the liquidated enterprises.
Article 19
The measures to control foreign exchange receipts and payments of banks
with overseas Chinese capital, banks with foreign capital, Chinese-foreign
equity joint banks and other financial institutions shall be formulated by
the SAFEC separately.
Article 20
These Rules shall be promulgated and put into effect by the SAFEC upon
approval of the State Council.


湖北省各级人民代表大会代表罢免程序的规定

湖北省人大常委会


湖北省各级人民代表大会代表罢免程序的规定
湖北省人大常委会


(1989年1月28日湖北省第七届人民代表大会常务委员会第五次会议通过)


第一条 根据《中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法》、《中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法》的有关规定,结合本省情况,制定本规定。
第二条 各级人民代表大会的代表,受选民和原选举单位的监督,选民或者选举单位有权罢免自己选出的代表。
第三条 各政党、各人民团体可以联合或者单独提出罢免代表的要求;选民十人以上联名,可以提出罢免代表的要求。

县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会代表十人以上联名,可以提出代表的罢免案。省、自治州、设区的市人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员五人以上联名,县、自治县、不设区的市、市辖区人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员三人以上联名,可以提出代表的罢免案。
第四条 罢免代表的要求或罢免案应当以书面的方式提出,写明下列内容:
(一)被罢免代表的姓名,原选区或选举单位;
(二)罢免代表的理由;
(三)提出罢免要求或罢免案的单位名称或姓名。
第五条 提出罢免选民直接选出的代表,由本级代表资格审查委员会受理。提出罢免人民代表大会选出的代表,由选举该代表的人民代表大会主席团或者常务委员会受理。
第六条 受理机关在受理罢免代表的要求或罢免案后,应对被指控的问题进行调查,并将有关罢免的全部材料一并提交原选区选民大会、代表大会或常务委员会会议审议。被指控的代表可以出席上述会议或者书面申诉意见。表决之前,如提出者要求撤回罢免要求或罢免案,审议即行终
止。
第七条 罢免代表,采取无记名投票的方法。
第八条 罢免由选民直接选出的代表,原选区应设立投票站或者召开选民大会进行,投票站或者选民大会由乡、镇人民代表大会主席团常务主席、受委托或指定的主持罢免工作的负责人主持。经原选区全体选民的过半数同意,方予罢免。
罢免由人民代表大会选出的代表,应召开人民代表大会会议,获得全体代表过半数同意,方予罢免;在代表大会闭会期间,应召开常务委员会会议,获得常务委员会全体组成人员的过半数同意,方予罢免。
第九条 罢免由选民直接选出的代表的决议,由乡镇人民代表大会主席团公布,罢免由人民代表大会选出的代表的决议由该级人民代表大会主席团或者常务委员会公布,并报上一级人民代表大会常务委员会备案。
第十条 本规定自公布之日起施行。



1989年2月1日